Browsing by Author "Malama S"

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A systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic resistance of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.
(2025-Apr-15) Mebrahtu AR; Likulunga LE; Chauwa A; Zulu M; Malama S; Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Biosciences and Biotechnology Department, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. sydneymalama1971@gmail.com.; Departmrnt of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Biosciences and Biotechnology Department, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; CIDRZ; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ)
Antimicrobial drugs are used to treat bacterial pathogens that cause infections in humans and animals. Despite their importance, antimicrobial drugs exhibit inefficiency in treating infections if used irrationally without adherence to standard guidelines. Currently there is a lack of review literatures concerning antimicrobial resistance status in the southern sub Saharan African countries, hence the study is designed for and provides valuable insights into the status and comparison of antimicrobial resistance among foodborne bacteria in Zambia relative to other regions of the world, using systematic literature review and meta-analysis. For meta-analysis of bacterial and AMR prevalence and, generation of forest plots, functions from R packages were used and meta-regression analysis using the random effect model with the R functions "escalc" and "rma" from R "metafor" package was used to determine sample size on bacterial prevalence. A total of 434 articles were identified and downloaded after a systematic research. The study has implicated that the most common foodborne bacteria in the last five years in Zambia are salmonella spp., E. coli., and L. monocytogens. Based on the random effect model, the prevalence of bacterial pathogens across all studies in food samples was observed to be 11% and in human samples was 14%. The study found a significant increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) burden among foodborne pathogens in Zambia compared to other regions of the world over the past five years. This rise is attributed to the bacteria's ability to develop resistance mechanisms and easily spread between humans, animals, and the environment. Ineffective surveillance, inadequate management by stakeholders, and public unawareness have further exacerbated the problem, requiring effective policy implementations in the health sector.
Antimicrobial resistance profiles of
(2023-Jun) Mudenda S; Malama S; Munyeme M; Matafwali SK; Kapila P; Katemangwe P; Mainda G; Mukubesa AN; Hadunka MA; Muma JB; Department of Animal Health, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Veterinary Services, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been deepening in the layer poultry sector in Zambia partly due to the inappropriate use of antimicrobials. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the phenotypic AMR profiles of METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2020 and April 2021 in which 365 cloacal swabs were collected from 77-layer farms based in Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia. RESULTS: Of the 365 samples, CONCLUSION: This study found a high prevalence of
Drivers of antimicrobial resistance in layer poultry farming: Evidence from high prevalence of multidrug-resistant
(2023-Sep) Mudenda S; Bumbangi FN; Yamba K; Munyeme M; Malama S; Mukosha M; Hadunka MA; Daka V; Matafwali SK; Siluchali G; Mainda G; Mukuma M; Hang'ombe BM; Muma JB; Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.; Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, House No. 5 Chaholi, off Addis Ababa drive, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia.; Department of Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Anatomy and Physiological Sciences, Institute of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; CIDRZ; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ)
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Inappropriate use of antimicrobials exacerbates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the poultry sector. Information on factors driving AMR in the layer poultry sector is scarce in Zambia. This study examined the drivers of AMR in the layer poultry sector in the Lusaka and Copperbelt Provinces of Zambia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study employed a structured questionnaire in 77 layer poultry farms in the provinces of Lusaka and Copperbelt, Zambia, from September 2020 to April 2021. Data analysis was conducted using Stata version 16.1. Antimicrobial resistance was defined as the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify drivers of AMR. RESULTS: In total, 365 samples were collected, from which 339 (92.9%) CONCLUSION: This study found a high prevalence of AMR in layer poultry farming linked to the type of farm management practices and lack of AMR awareness. Evidence of high MDR in our study is of public health concern and requires urgent attention. Educational interventions must increase AMR awareness, especially among small- and medium-scale poultry farmers.
Knowledge and awareness of bovine tuberculosis associated with raw milk and under-cooked meat contamination among cattle farmers in selected parts of zambia.
(2025-Apr) Phiri A; Likulunga E; Chauwa A; Zulu M; Kankhuni B; Monde N; Malama S; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Clinical Medicine, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia.; CIDRZ; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ)
BACKGROUND: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of cattle that is transmitted through direct contact with an infected animal or ingestion of contaminated food. METHODS: A mixed-methods study was conducted in two districts of Zambia, Lundazi and Monze, from December 2021 to June 2022. A cross-sectional survey with 280 respondents, five focus group discussions, and five key informant interviews were conducted. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data using R software, while qualitative data was analyzed using Nvivo and content analysis. RESULTS: Social and cultural practices were reported to significantly contribute to bTB transmission with risky behaviors including the consumption of undercooked meat and unpasteurized milk, and inadequate protective measures during cattle slaughtering. Overall, 75.3% of male and 70.3% of female respondents expressed a poor level of awareness of bTB transmission. Among cattle farmers, 85.7% lacked formal education, resulting in low knowledge levels, with 99.5% expressing poor awareness. Additionally, findings revealed that 99.5% of cattle farmers had poor awareness of bTB, human doctors/clinicians, and veterinary/para-veterinarians had 100% excellent knowledge. Abattoir workers had good knowledge at 78.3% and cattle businessmen had a fair knowledge level at 96.4%. Overall, bTB awareness varied across occupations, with human and animal healthcare professionals being the most knowledgeable. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found low levels of awareness and misperception about bTB among cattle farmers. Awareness varied across professionals with educated individuals being more knowledgeable. The consumption of undercooked meat and raw milk highlighted these knowledge gaps. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct public health campaigns to raise awareness about bTB causes, sources of infection, and control measures.