Browsing by Author "Subbaraman R"

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    Improving measurement of tuberculosis care cascades to enhance people-centred care.
    (2023-Dec) Faust L; Naidoo P; Caceres-Cardenas G; Ugarte-Gil C; Muyoyeta M; Kerkhoff AD; Nagarajan K; Satyanarayana S; Rakotosamimanana N; Grandjean Lapierre S; Adejumo OA; Kuye J; Oga-Omenka C; Pai M; Subbaraman R; McGill International TB Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Mycobacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.; Mainland Hospital Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.; Department of Social and Behavioural Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine and Center for Global Public Health, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: ramnath.subbaraman@tufts.edu.; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.; Mycobacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.; Tuberculosis Department, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.; National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Program, Abuja, Nigeria.; Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, France; South-East Asia Office, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), New Delhi, India.; Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; McGill International TB Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.; CIDRZ; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ)
    Care cascades represent the proportion of people reaching milestones in care for a disease and are widely used to track progress towards global targets for HIV and other diseases. Despite recent progress in estimating care cascades for tuberculosis (TB) disease, they have not been routinely applied at national and subnational levels, representing a lost opportunity for public health impact. As researchers who have estimated TB care cascades in high-incidence countries (India, Madagascar, Nigeria, Peru, South Africa, and Zambia), we describe the utility of care cascades and identify measurement challenges, including the lack of population-based disease burden data and electronic data capture, the under-reporting of people with TB navigating fragmented and privatised health systems, the heterogeneity of TB tests, and the lack of post-treatment follow-up. We outline an agenda for rectifying these gaps and argue that improving care cascade measurement is crucial to enhancing people-centred care and achieving the End TB goals.
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    Tuberculosis care cascade in Zambia - identifying the gaps in order to improve outcomes: a population-based analysis.
    (2021-Aug-10) Lungu P; Kerkhoff AD; Kasapo CC; Mzyece J; Nyimbili S; Chimzizi R; Silumesii A; Kagujje M; Subbaraman R; Muyoyeta M; Malama K; Department of Public Health and Research, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia.; National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme, Lusaka, Zambia patrickpj456@yahoo.co.uk.; Tuberculosis Department, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme, Lusaka, Zambia.; Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.; Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia.; Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.; CIDRZ; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ)
    OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia, especially for people living with HIV (PLHIV). We undertook a care cascade analysis to quantify gaps in care and align programme improvement measures with areas of need. DESIGN: Retrospective, population-based analysis. SETTING: We derived national-level estimates for each step of the TB care cascade in Zambia. Estimates were informed by WHO incidence estimates, nationally aggregated laboratory and notification registers, and individual-level programme data from four provinces. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included all individuals with active TB disease in Zambia in 2018. We characterised the overall TB cascade and disaggregated by drug susceptibility results and HIV status. RESULTS: In 2018, the total burden of TB in Zambia was estimated to be 72 495 (range, 40 495-111 495) cases. Of these, 43 387 (59.8%) accessed TB testing, 40 176 (55.4%) were diagnosed with TB, 36 431 (50.3%) were started on treatment and 32 700 (45.1%) completed treatment. Among all persons with TB lost at any step along the care cascade (n=39 795), 29 108 (73.1%) were lost prior to accessing diagnostic services, 3211 (8.1%) prior to diagnosis, 3745 (9.4%) prior to initiating treatment and 3731 (9.4%) prior to treatment completion. PLHIV were less likely than HIV-negative individuals to successfully complete the care cascade (42.8% vs 50.2%, p<0.001). Among those with rifampicin-resistant TB, there was substantial attrition at each step of the cascade and only 22.8% were estimated to have successfully completed treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Losses throughout the care cascade resulted in a large proportion of individuals with TB not completing treatment. Ongoing health systems strengthening and patient-centred engagement strategies are needed at every step of the care cascade; however, scale-up of active case finding strategies is particularly critical to ensure individuals with TB in the population reach initial stages of care. Additionally, a renewed focus on PLHIV and individuals with drug-resistant TB is urgently needed to improve TB-related outcomes in Zambia.