Factors influencing Biopesticide Adoption Among Smallholder Farmers in Zambia

Abstract

<jats:p>Agriculture is vital for food security and economic growth in Zambia, where smallholder farmers face severe pest challenges. While chemical pesticides are effective, they pose environmental and health risks. Biopesticides offer a safer alternative, but their adoption remains low among farmers. This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing the adoption and extent of biopesticide use among smallholder farmers in Zambia, focusing on socio-economic, institutional, technological, and environmental factors. The results reveal that several factors significantly influence biopesticide adoption, including the age of the household head, access to extension services, credit, sprayer ownership, training in biological control, and farm location in agroecological zones II and III. Older farmers, those with better financial stability and farming knowledge, and those receiving training and extension support were more likely to adopt biopesticides. Conversely, crop diversity negatively influenced adoption, suggesting that diversified farming systems may naturally fight pest life cycles and therefore not need pesticides. The extent of biopesticide adoption was positively related with household head income, cooperative membership, and extension services, while crop diversity again was negatively related. To enhance adoption, targeted interventions are needed, including improved access to credit, training, cooperative support, and extension services. Policymakers should also consider the role of ecological farming practices when designing strategies for biopesticide integration. Addressing financial and logistical barriers will promote sustainable pest management, improve food security, and align with Zambia’s climate-smart agricultural goals.</jats:p>